Friday, January 17, 2020

Assignment: The Welfare Reform Act Essay

The Welfare Reform Act is better known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, this was created by former President Clinton. Clinton vowed to stop welfare, he wanted it to be someone’s right not just a privilege to receive aid. Clinton wanted to help the needy people who actually needed help, but many people were angry with the changes that it made. Clinton did not think that people’s reactions would be so negative, but they were. Medicaid did not change the way that they it provides coverage to members, but it changed how many people it covered. Clinton did not want to continue seeing his country become dependent on the assistance, he wanted to increase the employment rate. There were too many children that were living in poverty and Clinton seen a cycle that he knew he had to break. The Welfare Reform Act did not cause too many of the beneficiaries to lose their necessary coverage, they were still able to receive the coverage if they qualified. The law stated that if you were poor enough you could still receive the health insurance. It is good because people can still work and get the health insurance if they do not make too much, because a lot of times jobs do not offer private insurance to their employees. The law did affect immigrants, the immigrants that were here illegally were no longer to receive health insurance and those that came to the United States legally had to wait five years before they could qualify for insurance if they were poor enough at the time. There were many providers that were affected in a negative way because many of them treated Medicaid patients at the time of the Welfare Reform Act. Providers like hospitals and clinics had to face the fact they would lose many patients and have more people who would try and receive free services. There were certain states that had more immigrants than others who had to choose between helping those patients and turning them away when they no longer could receive any health insurance, unless they got other help from the state (Ku, & Coughlin, 2010). The Act did cut the percent of people who received Medicaid, like the illegal immigrants and those that no longer qualified, but if you were needy it is more than likely that you still qualified for insurance. It varies from each state; there are some states that may be able to help more than others because they have more state funds. According to ( Ku, & Coughlin, 2010), â€Å"A larger category of people,  immigrants entering the United States after August 1996, will no longer be eligible for full Medicaid coverage, although they remain entitled to emergency care coverage†. Most people who qualify still could receive assistance if they were needy. The Welfare Reform Act has decreased the amount of fraud and has also increased the amount of people who are working. Many people were forced to go to job programs, to ensure that they had the necessary tools to get back on their own feet. If you wanted to receive TANF this was a requirement. Before this act was in place there were many people out there that were taking advantage of the system, people were getting to use to the money and other assistance that was easy to get. The new law was made to put a stop to the way that things were headed to. The new generation has a better chance at succeeding in life because there is more help out there. You can still get health insurance, cash aid, and food stamps; you just have to actually be in need. The law only requires that you do what you can to be able to do it all on your own and they will help along the way. There are many people that probably wish that things were the same as they were before this law was put in place, but things are still continuing to get better. According to research, â€Å"Some 2.9 million fewer children live in poverty today than in 1995† (Rector, & Fagan, 2003), that is a very large amount. The percent of children that were living in hunger went down and the amount of people who were having children out of wedlock has also gone down (Rector, & Fagan, 2003). The new act makes sure that the adults who are asking for the assistance go to a job program that helps you to get on your feet and be able to take care of your family without any assistance. All of these things have turned out to be more positive than negative, so it is good that our former President Clinton brought a change to America. References: Ku, L., Coughlin, T. A. (2010). How the New Welfare Reform Law Affects Medicaid. Urban Institute, p.1 Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http://www.urban.org/publications/307037.html Rector, R., & Fagan, P. Ph. D. (2003). The continuing good news about welfare reform. The Heritage Foundation, p.1. Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/02/the-continuing-good-news

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Financial Performance Of The Nokia Corporation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational telecommunication corporation having its headquarters situated in Keilanieme, Espoo. It is one of the worlds leading mobile phone suppliers and fixed telecom networkers. Nokias engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communication industry. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Performance Of The Nokia Corporation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It offers an extraordinary Internet services platform called as Ovi which allows all its customers to buy digital content, such as music and videos, get maps for navigation services and manage contacts and photo files online. The Company operates in three business segments: Devices and Services; NAVTEQ, and Nokia Siemens Networks. It has over 123,000 employees spread over 120 countries. Its subsidiary Nokia Siemens networks produces telecommunications network equipment, solutions and services. It also provides free digital map information and navigation services through its wholly owned subsidiary NAVTEQ. Nokia being the worlds largest manufacturers of mobile telephone has a global device market share of 30% in the latest financial report taken in the third quarter 2010. But however, it is still a disappointment to see a dip from an estimated 34% in the third quarter of 2009 and from an estimate of 33% in the second quarter in 2010. In this report, the financial performance and the marketing strategies of Nokia is analyzed based on the various financial ratios. The financial report of the past five years from 2009 2005 is studied considering the change in the marketing strategies implemented in 2005 and the global recession which has been hitting the market lately..The marketing strategy of Nokia is studied in the light of PESTLE, SWOT and BCG matrix. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF NOKIA: In the modern business, the managers should have a good understanding of the various business functions in order to make effective decisions and plannings for the successful operation of the business. One of the key functions of the business is bringing together the financial information of the company which is in the form of a cash flow statement, profit and loss account and balance sheets and carrying out the necessary calculations to determine the financial position of the company. The sales volume, and profitability generated from the shareholders investment, the companys ability to pay its debtors and the companys position compared to its competitors help not only the management but also the investors in determining whether to invest in the companys share or not.[1] The financial statement of Nokia is analyzed in the light of the various financial ratios such as Profitability, Activity, Solvency, Financial structure and Stock Market Measures. These ratios interpret the various items found in the companys balance sheet and income statements. This process not only reviews the past results of Nokia but also helps in evaluating the current situation of the company. The financial performance graph exhibited by Nokia in the past five years has been a fluctuating one.(cont) PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS: Profitability analysis is an analysis that enables a company to evaluate the market segments. It allows them to report the sales and profit data of a company using the different customised characteristics and key figures. This analysis can be categorised on the basis of products, customers, orders or any combination of these. Using these profitability calculations, the business profits made in one year can be compared with the other years and also the profitability of different business can be compared. The aim of this system is to provide the various departments within the organisation namely marketing, product management and corporate planning departments with the necessary information to support the internal accounting and decision making process. It measures the managements capacity to generate profits on sales and total investment in the business. In the case of Nokia..(profitability analysis of nokia) 1.1GROSS MARGIN: The gross margin of a company is theÂÂ  percent ofÂÂ  total sales revenueÂÂ  that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by the company. The higher the percentage, the more the company retains on each Euro of sales. This shows the percentage of control that the management has over cost.[2] Gross Margin (%) = Gross Profit / Operational Profit X 100 Turnover (2009 = 13264/40984*100 = 32.36%) The gross margin (%) of Nokia is YEAR 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Gross Profit 13264 17373 17277 13379 11982 Turnover 40984 50710 51058 41121 34191 Gross margin (%) 32.36 34.26 33.84 32.54 35.04 (All the figures mentioned above are in EUR millions) As we can see from the table above, the gross margin % had a raising trend in the 2006 -08 , where it increased from 32.54% to 34.26%. But however, in the year 2009 the profits have come down from 50710Eur m 40984Eur m resulting in a decrease of 1.90% in the gross margin. 1.2 NET MARGIN: The net margin ratio of a company is the ratio that allows an external person to make an overall assessment of the profitability of the company over a given period of time by comparing the level of net trading profit to the sales volume.[3]The percentage of net margin shows how much of each Euro earned by the company is translated into profits.ÂÂ   Net margin (%) = Profit Before Tax X 100 Turnover (2009 =962/40984*100 = 2.347) Year Profit Before Tax Turnover Net Margin (%) 2009 962 40984 2.35 2008 4970 50710 9.8 2007 8268 51058 16.19 2006 5723 41121 13.91 2005 4971 34191 14.53 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) As the figures show, there has been a significant fall in the net profit % from the year 2008 -2009; the net profit % in the year 2008 was 9.8% which then decreased to 2.34% in the year 2009. However, the years 2005 2007 have been good with the profit % being 14.53, 13.19 and 16.19 respectively. This shows that the operating expenses of nokia have increased and the cost of must be controlled. The cost have increased drastically resulting in a decrease in the net profits. 1.3 RETURN ON EQUITY: Return on Equity is the amount of net incomeÂÂ  returnedÂÂ  as a percentageÂÂ  of shareholders equity. It measures the companys profitabilityÂÂ  by revealing how muchÂÂ  profit a company generatesÂÂ  with the money shareholders have invested.ÂÂ  [4] Return on Equity = Profit after Tax X 100 Shareholders Funds (it is given in d annual report) Year Return on Equity (%) 2009 6.5 2008 27.5 2007 53.9 2006 35.5 2005 27.1 (All the figures in the table have been taken from the nokias official wesite)[5] The return on equity % showed steady growth in the years 2005 and 2006 and then reached the peak value in 2007 with a ROE % of 53.9 but the ROE has decreased to a great extend in the years 2008 and 2009. As a result of the decrease in the profits after tax, the profits of the tax in year 2008 were 3889 Eur m which decreased to 260 Eur m in 2009. 1.4 RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED: Return On Capital Employed is the ratio that indicates the efficiency and profitability of a companys capital investments. The Return On Capital Employed should always be higher than the rateÂÂ  at whichÂÂ  the company borrows, otherwise any increase in borrowing will reduce shareholders earnings. Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax X 100 Net Assets (it is given in d annual report) Year Return on capital employed (%) 2009 6.7 2008 27.2 2007 54.8 2006 46.1 2005 36.5 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS: Activity analysis measures the companys efficient utilization of resources. The greater the efficiency in the use of its assets to generate sales, the higher is the potential profitability. Hence, the analysis compares the level of sales with the investments in selected assets. The activity analyses that are considered here to study about Nokia are: Turnover of Assets Turnover of Fixed Assets Stock Turnover Days of Stock Held 2.1 TURNOVER OF ASSETS: Turnover of assets is the efficient use of assets for the profitable operation of the business. It is a consistent reliable indicator of managerial skills in generating sales volume on a base of the total assets employed by the company. Turnover assets = Turnover Assets (2009 = 40984/35738 = 1.14) Year Turnover Assets Turnover of Assets 2009 40984 35738 1.14 2008 50710 39582 1.28 2007 51058 37599 1.35 2006 41121 22617 1.81 2005 34191 22452 1.52 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.2 TURNOVER OF FIXED ASSETS: The turnover of fixed assets is the measure of a companys ability to generate net sales from fixed-asset investments -ÂÂ  specifically with regard to property, plant and equipment etc. The higher the fixed-asset turnover ratio the more effective the company has been using the investment in fixed assets to generate revenues. Turnover of Fixed Assets = Turnover Fixed Assets (2009 = 40984/12125 = 3.38) Year Turnover Fixed Assets Turnover of Fixed Assets 2009 40984 12125 3.38 2008 50710 15112 3.35 2007 51058 8305 6.14 2006 41121 4031 10.20 2005 34191 3347 1021.54 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.3 STOCK TURNOVER: The Stock Turnover is the total value of stock sold in a year divided by the average value of goods held in stock. This makes sure that the cash is not tied up in stock for too long, so as to lose its value over time. It measures sales turnover as a ratio of stocks, and is intended to show how fast stock is moved. The higher the score, the more liquid is the position and lower the investment in stock the better it is. Stock Turnover = Cost of Sales Average Stock (2009 = 27720/2199 = 12.60) Year Cost of Sales Average Stock Stock Turnover 2009 27720 2199 12.60 2008 33337 2704.5 12.32 2007 33781 2215 15.25 2006 27742 1611 17.22 2005 22209 1486.5 14.94 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 2.4 DAYS OF STOCK HELD: The number of days the stock is held is the ratio that measures the average number of days stock held by an organization. Days of Stock held = Average Stock X 365 Cost of sales (2009 = 2199///227720*365 = 28.95) Year Average Stock Cost of sales Days of Stock Held 2009 2199 27720 28.95 2008 2704.5 33337 29.61 2007 2215 33781 23.93 2006 1611 27742 21.195 2005 1486.5 22209 24.43 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) SOLVENCY ANALYSIS: Solvency ratios is the ratio that measures the relationship between debts and owners equity and examine the proportion of debt the company is using i.e.; toÂÂ  measure a companys ability to meet long-term obligations. It measuresÂÂ  the size ofÂÂ  a companys after-tax income, excluding non-cash depreciation expenses, as compared to the firms total debt obligations. It provides a measurement of how likely a company will be able to continue meeting its debt obligations. Acceptable solvency ratios will vary from industry to industry, but as a general rule of thumb, a solvency ratio of greater than 20% is considered financially healthy. Generally speaking, the lower a companys solvency ratio, the greater the probabilityÂÂ  that the company will default on its debt obligations. The different solvency ratios are: Current Ratio Quick Assets Debtors Collection Period Creditors Payment Period Speed of cash flow 3.1 CURRENT RATIO: Current ratio is the most popular measure of short term solvency. It indicates the extend to which the claims of short-term creditors are covered by comparative liquid assets.[6]Current ratio is calculated simply dividing the current assets to the current liabilities. Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities (2009 = 23613/15188 = 1.55) Year Current Assets Current Liability Current Ratio 2009 23613 15188 1.55 2008 24470 20355 1.2 2007 29294 18976 1.54 2006 18586 10161 1.82 2005 18951 9670 1.96 Nokia Corp.s current ratio deteriorated from 2007 to 2008 but then improved from 2008 to 2009 but however the ratios still remain below the 2007 levels. 3.2 QUICK ASSETS: Quick assets is the cash and other assets that can or will be converted into cash fairly soon. This includes accounts receivable, marketable securities etc. A measure of the companys quick assets helps in determining the companys liquidity and its ability to meet its obligations. The ratio used for this purpose is called as the quick ratio or acid test ratio. It compliments the current ratio. Its purpose is to compares the near cash assets with maturing creditors claims. Quick Assets = Current Assets Stock Current Liability (2009 = 23613-1865/15188 = 1.43) Year Current Assets Stock Current Liability Quick assets 2009 23613 1865 15188 1.43 2008 24470 2533 20355 1.07 2007 29294 2876 18976 1.39 2006 18586 1554 10161 1.67 2005 18951 1668 9670 1.78 The Nokia Corp.s quick ratio deteriorated from 2007 to 2008 but then improved from 2008 to 2009. 3.3 DEBTORS COLLECTION PERIOD(not edited ) The period, on average, that a business takes to collect the money owed to it by its trade debtors. If a company gives one months credit then, on average, it should collect its debts within 45 days. The debtor. he term Debtor Collection Period indicates the average time taken to collect trade debts. In other words, a reducing period of time is an indicator of increasing efficiency. it enables the enterprise to compare the real collection period with the granted/theoretical credit period. Debtor Collection Period = (Average Debtors / Credit Sales) x 365 ( = No. of days) (average debtors = debtors at the beginning of the year + debtors at the end of the year, divided by 2) Debtors Collection Period = Debtors X 365 Sales (2009 = 7981/40984*365 = 71.08) Year Debtor Sales Debtors Collection Period 2009 7981 40984 71.08 2008 9444 50710 67.97 2007 11200 51058 80.06 2006 5888 41121 52.26 2005 5346 34191 57.07 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 3.4 CREDITORS PAYMENT PERIOD: Creditors Payment Period is the ratio that relates the amount owed to trade creditors by a company at the end of a specified period in relation to the cost of purchases bought on credit during that period i.e.; it is the total number of days that a company will take to settle the amounts it owes to its creditors. Creditors Payment Period = Creditors Purchase Year Creditors Purchase Creditors Payment Period 2009 4950 2008 5225 2007 7074 2006 3732 2005 3494 3.5 SPEED OF CASH FLOW: Speed of Cash Flow = Turnover Debtors 365 (2009 = 40984-7981/365 = 90.42) Year Turnover Debtors Speed of Cash Flow 2009 40984 7981 90.42 2008 50710 9444 113.05 2007 51058 11200 109.2 2006 41121 5888 96.52 2005 34191 5346 79.02 FINANCIAL STRUCTURE: (not edited) Financial Structure is the framework of the various types of financings employed by a firm to acquire and support resources necessary for its operations. Commonly, it comprises of stockholders (shareholders), investments (equity capital), long-term loans (loan capital), short-term loans (such as overdraft), and short-term liabilities (such as trade credit) as reflected on the right-hand side of the firms balance sheet. Capital structure, in comparison, does not include short-term liabilities.[7] 4.1 CAPITAL GEARING RATIO: Capital Gearing Ratio is the analyzes of the capital structure of a company. It is the measure of the percentage that the owner funds as opposed to the percentage the outsiders funds. If more capital is invested by the owners than the amount borrowed, the risk decreases. This is known as low gearing. If outside interest exceeds the owners interest, the risk increases. This is known as high gearing. Capital Gearing Ratio = Debt Debt +Equity (2009 = 20989/35738 = 0.59) Year Debt Equity Capital Gearing 2009 20989 35738 0.59 2008 23072 39582 0.58 2007 20261 37599 0.54 2006 10557 22617 0.47 2005 9938 22452 0.44 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 4.2 INTEREST COVER: (not edited) Interest cover is a measure of the adequacy of a companys profits relative to interest payments on its debt. The lower the interest cover, the greater the risk that profit (before interest) will become insufficient to cover interest payments. It is: EBIT net interest paid A value of more than 2 is normally considered reasonably safe, but companies with very volatile earnings may require an even higher level, whereas companies that have very stable earnings, such as utilities, may well be very safe at a lower level. Similarly, cyclical companies at the bottom of their cycle may well have a low interest cover but investors who are confident of recovery may not be overly concerned by the apparent risk. Interest Cover = Gross Profit (Operational profit) Interest Payable (2009 = 13264/1661 = 7.99) Year Gross Profit Interest Payable Interest Cover 2009 13264 1661 7.99 2008 17373 2302 7.54 2007 17277 2565 6.73 2006 13379 92 145.42 2005 11982 205 58.45 (All the figures in the table above are in Euro m) 5 STOCK MARKET MEASURES: 5.1 PRICE PER EARNINGS: It is the valuation ratio of a companys current share price compared to its per-share earnings. Price Per Earnings Ratio = Market Price of Shares Earnings per Share (2009 = 8.88/0.24 = 37) Year Market Price of Share Earnings Per Share Price Per Earnings 2009 8.88 0.24 37 2008 20.04 1.07 18.73 2007 16.98 1.85 9.18 2006 17.08 1.06 16.11 2005 11.96 0.83 14.41 (All the share prices mentioned above has been calculated taking the date as 31st Mar for every five years) 5.2 EARNINGS PER SHARE: It is the portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.ÂÂ  Earnings per shareÂÂ  serve as an indicator ofÂÂ  a companys profitability. Earnings Per Share: Profit after Tax No: of Shares (it is given in d annual report) Year Earnings Per Share 2009 0.24 2008 1.07 2007 1.85 2006 1.06 2005 0.83 5.3 DIVIDEND YIELD Dividend yield = Dividend per share Market value per share (2009 = 0.40/8.88 = 0.045) Year Dividend Per Share Market Value Per Share Dividend Yield 200.9 0.40 8.88 0.045 2008 0.40 20.04 0.0199 2007 0.53 16.98 0.031 2006 0.43 17.08 0.025 2005 0.37 11.96 0.031

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Luxurious Presidential Suite Was A Rarity Among These...

Short Story: The luxurious presidential suite was a rarity among these aged rails. Ornate decor and luxurious accommodations reflect the influence of fine Victorian elegance. Stained glass windows, rare wood carvings, deep pile carpets, opulent overstuffed furniture and a complete galley equipped with all the necessary facilities prepared the traveler with a taste of grandeur and equipped them with a sense of greater importance. The train was bound for Washington D.C. Equipped with the finest of suits, I was well-known for elegant attire. I brought along pictures from home in which I reminisced upon long, forgotten memories of my children and my wife. Reviving and reliving each and every picture. Each brought happiness and a smile to my†¦show more content†¦Every bone inside my body froze entirely. Immediately, my body uncontrollably began exerting large amounts of sweat. My heart which was once tired from exhaustion, forcefully pumping blood quicker than ever. My lifetime flashed befor e me. In an unclear haze , my thoughts shifted to my children Alan and Herbert Jr. The realization that my time with them had been short and the idea of not providing a substantial and consistent appearance that is essential in providing at least a decent childhood experience.for them, devastated me..Commotion and panic existed in the car in which the sound had been heard and had surprisingly increased. My attention withdrew from my children as I quickly dashed towards my suite. Three minutes later, I was alarmed by the sound of screaming and repeated pounding on the door. My heart froze. â€Å"Crack!† The noise was heard again. Even closer this time. The knocking and the screaming stopped and I was completely overwhelmed with mixed emotions, mainly fear. â€Å"Open up!† said a rather firm yet weary voice. My panic and distress caused me to resist opening my mouth and revealing my location. Without making a sound, I cautiously made my way to the rear platform where stairs leading to the top of the train were. â€Å"Open up!† the voice said again with an authoritative tone. Didn’t say a word. My sweaty palms grasped the stairs and I

Monday, December 23, 2019

Weapons of Mass Destruction Problems or Solutions Essay

Throughout history people have searched high and low for weapons to turn the tides of war. With modern technology we have reached a point that at the push of a button we could destroy our entire planet. The question now is, are the weapons needed for protection, or should they be destroyed in an effort to save the world from potential destruction? There are no right answers, only the loss of power or the loss of humanity. Which should we choose? We must all learn the dangers of weapons of mass destruction to decide which side to stand up for. Government and Military strength has always decided which countries are the best in the world. Now with drones, the development of lasers, and nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, every modern†¦show more content†¦In World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The effect was devastating and widespread, as illustrated in the graphic below (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people.Within 24 hours, the survivors started getting symptoms of radiation poisoning including the flu, nausea and vomiting, headaches, fatigue, fever, red patches, peeling skin, and sometimes blistering. Tens of thousands more would later die of more lethal doses of radiation exposure (Nuclear Radiation). Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Below are images of replicas of the â€Å"Little Boy† bomb left (environmental encyclopedia) and the â€Å"Fat Man† bomb right (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). The â€Å"Little Boy† bomb was a more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb that caused a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city. The â€Å"Fat Man† bomb was More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds an d was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). The largest nuclear weapon detonated since, was in 1961 and had the famous nicknames, either the â€Å"Tsar Bomba or Big Ivan.† It was a 50 megaton nuclear bomb designed to have a yield ofShow MoreRelatedThe Weapons Of Mass Destruction1665 Words   |  7 PagesWeapons of Mass Destruction are a huge risk to the society due to the mass amount of lives that can be taken with the detonation or use of a weapon of mass destruction. In the past an estimated 4,186,000 - 4,385,000 people have died due to a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). If all the WMD’s as of now in the world were released A WMD is by definition of United States Law any destructive device†¦any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the releaseRead MoreWhich Choice Will a Terrorist Make? 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For protection and security, gun is not merely the solution because it is the responsibility of state to provide protection to its citizens. B. There does not exist any valid reason for gun owner to acquire and use it. C. Gun owner face a lot of serious problems (such as improper use may lead to death of the owner or any other family member) as a result of acquiring the weapon. IIRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1387 Words   |  6 PagesAxis powers were Italy, Japan, and Germany. World War II involved more nations, cost more money, and killed more people than any war before its time. The American-English dictionary defines total war as â€Å"[a] war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.† To say World War II was not a total war would be nonsense. World War II can be considered the quintessential modern total

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Yogurt Fermentation Free Essays

Yogurt Fermentation Yogurt is made by lactic acid fermentation. The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The function of the starter cultures is to ferment lactose (milk sugar) to produce lactic acid. We will write a custom essay sample on Yogurt Fermentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The increase in lactic acid decreases pH and causes the milk to clot, or form the soft gel that is characteristic of yogurt. The fermentation of lactose also produces the flavor compounds that are characteristic of yogurt. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are the only 2 cultures required by law (CFR) to be present in yogurt. Other bacterial cultures, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus subsp. casei, and Bifido-bacteria may be added to yogurt as probiotic cultures. Probiotic cultures benefit human health by improving lactose digestion, gastrointestinal function, and stimulating the immune system. Lactic acid fermentation is the simplest type of fermentation. Basically, it is a redox reaction. In anaerobic conditions, the cell’s primary mechanism of ATP production is glycolysis. Glycolysis reduces – that is, transfers electrons to – NAD+, forming NADH. However, there is only a limited supply of NAD+ available in a cell. For glycolysis to continue, NADH must be oxidized – that is, have electrons taken away – to regenerate the NAD+. This is usually done through an electron transport chain in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. However, this mechanism is not available without oxygen. Instead, the NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis. Since the NADH has lost electrons, NAD+ regenerates and is again available for glycolysis. Lactic acid, for which this process is named, is formed by the reduction of pyruvate. The total fermentation process to make yogurt is fairly simply. The milk mixture is pasteurized at 185 °F (85 °C) for 30 minutes or at 203 °F (95 °C) for 10 minutes. A high heat treatment is used to denature the whey (serum) proteins. This allows the proteins to form a more stable gel, which prevents separation of the water during storage. The high heat treatment also further reduces the number of spoilage organisms in the milk to provide a better environment for the starter cultures to grow. Yogurt is pasteurized before the starter cultures are added to ensure that the cultures remain active in the yogurt after fermentation to act as probiotics; if the yogurt is pasteurized after fermentation the cultures will be inactivated. Next, the blend is homogenized (2000 to 2500 psi) to mix all ingredients thoroughly and improve yogurt consistency. Then, the milk is cooled to 108 °F (42 °C) to bring the yogurt to the ideal growth temperature for the starter culture. Following this, the starter cultures are mixed into the cooled milk. Next, the milk is held at 108 °F (42 °C) until a pH 4. 5 is reached. This allows the fermentation to progress to form a soft gel and the characteristic flavor of yogurt. This process can take several hours. The yogurt is then cooled to 7 °C to stop the fermentation process. Fruit and flavors are added at different steps depending on the type of yogurt. Finally, the yogurt is pumped from the fermentation vat and packaged as desired. Primary Source: â€Å"Yogurt Production. † Milk Facts. Cornell University, n. d. Web. 8 Oct 2012. How to cite Yogurt Fermentation, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Painkiller(1990) by Judas Priest free essay sample

Judas Priest in the 80s wasnt exactly the best of times to be honest. For one weve gotten albums like Turbo and Ram it Down which ended off the decade on a bad note, and they seem kind of tired when campared to the 70s. That all changed with the release of Painkiller. What is there to say about this album that hasnt already been said, well Painkiller is a comeback album that is all there really needs to be said. While it is unlike Screaming for Vengence, because I dont own the album in question, I wish I did. The album consists of nine heavy and mostly fast almost thrashy tracks. If its remastered you get a bonus of Lether Rebel(live) and Living Bad Dreams which is nothing compared to the rest of the album. Songs like Painkiller, Lether Rebel, Metal Metaldown and Between the Hammer and The Anvil are all fast and brutally heavy songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Painkiller(1990) by Judas Priest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Where as songs like A Touch of Evil and One Shot at Glory make for some of the more creery sounding songs, the latter of which is a bit faster. K. K. Downing and his twin guitar companion also make for some of the best Judas Priest solos in their entire career. Rob Halfords vocals are as high as they can get in this album especially in songs like Hell Patrol, Painkiller and Metal Meltdown. This is a true classic in every sense of the word. It would definetly fit in my Top 25 albums of all time because Judas Priest made a turn for the best in this album. This album speaks to me very well. Id have to give this album a 10/10.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

John Stuart Mill Essays (341 words) - Classical Economists

John Stuart Mill After reading 100% of the book, New Ideas From Dead Economists, I chose to write a little summery of John Stuart Mill. I did a little outside research on the subject, because his theories and philosophies were intriguing to me. I was impressed by his change in his views as he entered his mid twenties. John Stuart Mill was born in London on May 20, 1806, and was the oldest son of James Mill. His education, as a boy, was carried out by his father, James Mill. Johns discipline was extremely rigid, as a result, he believed it gave him the intellectual advantage of a quarter century on his contemporaries. Later in life Mill recognized that his fathers extreme system of intellectual discipline gave him little time to develop social and emotional relationships with others. He regretted this aspect of his childhood. Mill was considered a leader in thought at the young age of twenty-one. This is when he encountered a mental crisis. The cause of the crisis, extreme mental and physical strain, gave him as he called it, a dull state of nerves. He realized that the goals in his life, that his father had given him, stolen the feelings out of him. After many months of despair, he found that the emotions within him were not dead. One important factor in this emotional realization was a woman by the name of Mrs. Taylor. She was known to help Mill in authoring works of his, and a good friend. While she was married, Mill held a close relationship with her. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Taylor and John Mill were married in 1851. After this he had great success publishing in multiple literary journals. These articles had ranged from those relating to philosophy and social to political and economic. One of his earliest was with The Westminster Review, but were mostly for The London Review. Through thes e articles, we can trace his gradual development and change in his radical politics. Economics Essays